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Laravel 大型应用架构部署指南

构建大型 Laravel 应用需要精心设计的架构和部署策略。以下是针对高流量、高可用性 Laravel 应用的完整架构方案。

一、架构设计

1. 分层架构

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                   客户端层                      │
│  (Web/移动端/API消费者)                        │
└───────────────┬─────────────────┬───────────────┘
                │                 │
┌───────────────▼─────┐ ┌─────────▼───────────────┐
│     负载均衡层       │ │        CDN             │
│ (Nginx/Haproxy/ALB) │ │ (CloudFront/Cloudflare) │
└───────────────┬─────┘ └─────────┬───────────────┘
                │                 │
┌───────────────▼─────────────────▼───────────────┐
│                应用服务器层                     │
│  (多节点Laravel应用+PHP-FPM集群)               │
└───────────────┬─────────────────────────────────┘
                │
┌───────────────▼─────────────────────────────────┐
│                 服务层                          │
│  (Redis集群/Elasticsearch/消息队列/微服务)      │
└───────────────┬─────────────────────────────────┘
                │
┌───────────────▼─────────────────────────────────┐
│                 数据层                          │
│  (MySQL集群/读写分离/分库分表)                  │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

二、基础设施部署

1. 容器化部署 (Kubernetes)

# deployment.yaml 示例
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: laravel-app
spec:
  replicas: 6
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: laravel
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: laravel
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: app
        image: your-registry/laravel-app:1.0.0
        ports:
        - containerPort: 9000
        envFrom:
        - configMapRef:
            name: laravel-config
        resources:
          requests:
            cpu: "500m"
            memory: "512Mi"
          limits:
            cpu: "1000m"
            memory: "1024Mi"
        livenessProbe:
          httpGet:
            path: /health
            port: 9000
          initialDelaySeconds: 30
          periodSeconds: 10
---
# Horizontal Pod Autoscaler
apiVersion: autoscaling/v2
kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
metadata:
  name: laravel-hpa
spec:
  scaleTargetRef:
    apiVersion: apps/v1
    kind: Deployment
    name: laravel-app
  minReplicas: 4
  maxReplicas: 20
  metrics:
  - type: Resource
    resource:
      name: cpu
      target:
        type: Utilization
        averageUtilization: 70

2. 服务网格集成 (Istio)

# 虚拟服务配置
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: laravel-vs
spec:
  hosts:
  - "yourdomain.com"
  gateways:
  - laravel-gateway
  http:
  - route:
    - destination:
        host: laravel-app
        port:
          number: 9000
      weight: 100
    retries:
      attempts: 3
      perTryTimeout: 2s
    timeout: 5s

三、关键组件配置

1. 数据库架构

// config/database.php
'mysql' => [
    'read' => [
        'host' => [
            env('DB_READ_HOST_1', 'read1.db.cluster'),
            env('DB_READ_HOST_2', 'read2.db.cluster'),
        ],
    ],
    'write' => [
        'host' => env('DB_WRITE_HOST', 'write.db.cluster'),
    ],
    'sticky' => true,
    'driver' => 'mysql',
    'database' => env('DB_DATABASE', 'forge'),
    'username' => env('DB_USERNAME', 'forge'),
    'password' => env('DB_PASSWORD', ''),
    // ...
],

2. Redis 集群配置

// config/database.php
'redis' => [
    'cluster' => env('REDIS_CLUSTER', true),

    'default' => [
        [
            'host' => env('REDIS_HOST_1', 'redis1'),
            'password' => env('REDIS_PASSWORD', null),
            'port' => env('REDIS_PORT', 6379),
            'database' => 0,
        ],
        [
            'host' => env('REDIS_HOST_2', 'redis2'),
            'password' => env('REDIS_PASSWORD', null),
            'port' => env('REDIS_PORT', 6379),
            'database' => 0,
        ],
    ],

    'cache' => [
        // 单独配置缓存Redis
    ],
],

四、性能优化

1. 缓存策略

// 使用多级缓存
$value = Cache::remember('key', $seconds, function () {
    return DB::table(...)->get();
});

// 标签缓存
Cache::tags(['people', 'authors'])->put('John', $john, $seconds);

2. 队列优化

// 配置多个队列连接
'connections' => [
    'default' => [
        'driver' => 'redis',
        'connection' => 'default',
        'queue' => env('REDIS_QUEUE', 'default'),
        'retry_after' => 90,
        'block_for' => null,
    ],
    
    'processing' => [
        'driver' => 'sqs',
        'key' => env('AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID'),
        'secret' => env('AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY'),
        'prefix' => env('SQS_PREFIX'),
        'queue' => env('SQS_QUEUE'),
        'region' => env('AWS_DEFAULT_REGION'),
    ],
],

五、监控与日志

1. Prometheus 监控配置

# prometheus.yml
scrape_configs:
  - job_name: 'laravel'
    metrics_path: '/metrics'
    static_configs:
      - targets: ['laravel-app:9000']
    relabel_configs:
      - source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_pod_name]
        target_label: pod

2. 集中式日志 (ELK)

// config/logging.php
'stacks' => [
    'elastic' => [
        'driver' => 'custom',
        'via' => \App\Logging\ElasticsearchLogger::class,
        'level' => 'debug',
        'hosts' => [
            [
                'host' => env('ELASTICSEARCH_HOST', 'elasticsearch'),
                'port' => env('ELASTICSEARCH_PORT', 9200),
                'scheme' => env('ELASTICSEARCH_SCHEME', 'https'),
            ]
        ],
    ],
],

六、CI/CD 流程

1. GitLab CI 示例

stages:
  - test
  - build
  - deploy

unit_tests:
  stage: test
  image: php:8.1
  script:
    - apt-get update && apt-get install -y git unzip
    - curl -sS https://getcomposer.org/installer | php -- --install-dir=/usr/local/bin --filename=composer
    - composer install --prefer-dist --no-ansi --no-interaction --no-progress --no-scripts
    - vendor/bin/phpunit

build_image:
  stage: build
  image: docker:latest
  services:
    - docker:dind
  script:
    - echo "$CI_REGISTRY_PASSWORD" | docker login -u "$CI_REGISTRY_USER" --password-stdin $CI_REGISTRY
    - docker build -t $CI_REGISTRY_IMAGE:latest .
    - docker push $CI_REGISTRY_IMAGE:latest

deploy_production:
  stage: deploy
  image: bitnami/kubectl:latest
  script:
    - kubectl apply -f kubernetes/deployment.yaml
    - kubectl rollout status deployment/laravel-app
  environment:
    name: production
    url: https://yourdomain.com
  when: manual

七、安全最佳实践

  1. 网络安全：

    • 使用 WAF (Web Application Firewall)
    • 配置 VPC 网络隔离
    • 启用 DDoS 防护

  2. 应用安全：

    // 强制 HTTPS
URL::forceScheme('https');

// CSP 头
header("Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'self'");

  3. 密钥管理：

    • 使用 Vault 或 KMS 管理密钥
    • 定期轮换数据库凭证

八、扩展策略

  1. 水平扩展：

    • 无状态应用层自动扩展
    • 数据库读写分离

  2. 垂直扩展：

    • 数据库优化 (索引、分表)
    • 查询缓存

  3. 功能解耦：

    // 使用事件驱动架构
event(new OrderShipped($order));

// 微服务通信
Http::post('inventory-service/api/update', [...]);

这套架构可以支持日 PV 千万级的大型 Laravel 应用，根据实际业务需求可进一步调整优化。

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